Our body keeps on developing new cells from parent cells inside our body. The genetic material transferred from the parent cell to daughter cell, there is a huge information packed in the form of nucleic acids. If written on paper, it will cover about 400 thick book pages. During each cell division, this missing information is known as "fixed error rate". The repairs are processed during growth phase of the new daughter cell. The crucial error rate beyond repair leads to generation of mutated daughter cell, which may remain alive or be killed by our body's immunity. Mutated cell further leads to other mutated progeny and so on. If this process is not recognized at five straps by immunity, then the Cancer is caused.
When the cancer is caused, there is failure of the immune system. Mutations keep occurring but at a fixed repairable error rate. Also the immunity cell skeep a careful watch on the cells behaving abnormally. Mutating cells are constantly monitored by Natural Killer (NK) cells, loke Thymus (CD4 and CD8) cells, macrophages, cytokines (soluble mediators) and immunoglobulins. People lacking anti-tumor immunity develop cancer.
Anti-Cancer Immune response and Vaccines: There are various methods to modify anti-cancer immune response. One of them is through Vell Vaccine (Cancer Vaccines or Dendritic Cell Vaccine). The Monocytes are cultured in the lab 6 days and are transformed into Immature Dendritic cells in the presence of their nutrient media (cytokines) and appropriate conditions for their viability. These immature DCs are then transformed to Mature DCs over a period of further 2 days, by exposing them to tumor antigenic stimuli. That is, the immature DCs are exposed to cancer cell lysate antigen for recognition and maturation of DCs. They are reining fused or injected in-patient after a period of 8 days.
The other method similar to cancer vaccines is through Peptide Vaccines. Cancers keep developing by hiding their epitopes, (which are peptides in nature) from immunity. Cancerous peptides can be unfolded in the laboratory and coupled with adjuvant. They are given to the patient to transform monocytes into dendritic cells inside the body. They are known as Cancer Peptide Vaccines.